Chapter #34: IDENTIFICATIONS
Nuremburg Trials
Cases after the war to sentence the punishment for those supporting Germany.
Cordell Hull
He believed that a nation should only trade if they are also buying from their trader, that tariff barriers choke off foreign trade, and that trade wars beget shooting wars. Created the idea of Reciprocal Trade Agreements.
Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of France. Worked closely with Woodrow Wilson and Roosevelt before and during WWII.
Charles Lindbergh
made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May 20-21, 1927 nonstop. Lindbergh campaigned against voluntary American involvement in World War II.
Good Neighbor Policy
America ’s good neighbor policy suggested that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and would content itself instead with being a regional power.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act
Reciprocal trade agreements were created by Secretary of State, Cordell Hull. He believed that a nation should only trade if they are also buying from their trader, that tariff barriers choke off foreign trade, and that trade wars beget shooting wars.
Rome-Berlin Axis
Hitler and Mussolini territorially allying themselves
Nye Committee
committee to investigate the “blood business” of the munitions manufacturers as war – formenting “merchants of death”. Lead by Senator Gerald Nye.
Neutrality Acts
Made by the United States promising to stay out of the war in the European seas.
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact
Agreement between Russia and Germany to not attack each other. Hitler broke this pact when he attacked Russia, wanting to take their oil reserves and their supplies.
"cash and carry"
Policy issued right before the start of WW2. Stated that nations wanting to buy war ammunitions from America would have to transport the munitions in their own ships after paying for them in cash.
America First Committee
group of isolationists. Contended that America should concentrate what strength it had to defend its own shores. Their basic philosophy was, “The Yanks are Not Coming”. And their most effective speaker was aviator Colonel Charles.
Lend-Lease Act
entitled “an Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States” The underlying policy was “Send guns not sons” and that America would be the arsenal of democracy and would send a limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression who in turn would finish the job and keep the war on their side of the Atlantic.
Atlantic Charter
outlining the aspirations of the democrats for a better end to the war. It opposed imperialistic annexations and promised that there would be no territorial changes contrary to the wished of the inhabitants. It further affirmed the right of the people to choose their form of government.
Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions
The London Conference
Know: London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
Roosevelt’s decision to pull America out of the negotiation to stabilize currencies caused the collapse of the London Conference and for the strengthening of the global trend toward extreme nationalism – making international cooperation even more difficult as time went on.
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
The Great Depression was the basic reason as to why America decided to free the Philippines. American taxpayers saw the Philippines as an over expensive tropical liability. Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934. This provided for the independence of the Philippines after the twelve – year period of economic and political tutelage (basically, by 1946).
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
Yes, the United States was serious about its Good Neighbor policy. America’s good neighbor policy suggested that the United States was giving up its ambition to be a world power and would content itself instead with being a regional power. The great depression cooled off any Yankee aggressiveness.
Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
Reciprocal trade agreements were created by Secretary of State, Cordell Hull. He believed that a nation should only trade if they are also buying from their trader, that tariff barriers choke off foreign trade, and that trade wars beget shooting wars. Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act – designed to lift American export trade to both recovery and relief. This avoided the dangerous uncertainties of a wholesale tariff revision and empowered Roosevelt to lower existing rates by as much as 50 percent (provided that the other country involved was willing to respond with similar reductions.
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
American isolationism were boosted from all of the alarms abroad. Americans still believed that their encircling seas conferred a kind of mystic immunity. They had bitter memories of war and the consequences of getting involved in them. They also had no real appreciation of the revolutionary forces being harnessed by the dictators.
Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
The Neutrality Acts attempted to keep the US out of the war by stating that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
The Spanish Civil War proved as a painful lesson in the folly of neutrality-by-legislation. Francisco Franco led a group of Spanish rebels against a republican government and was aided by Hitler and Mussolini. The American government decided to hold an embargo against both sides of the war. So America sat on the sidelines as Franco took over the government and encouraged dictators to take the dangerous road to WW2.
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
Roosevelt’s Quarantine Speech alarmed the recent aggressions of Italy and Japan and called for “positive endeavors” to “quarantine” the aggressors. In 1937, Japanese aviators gunned downed an American gunboat, the panay. Also, Hitler and his supporters violated the treaty of Versailles by assembling arms and marching into Rhineland.
Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
When the Soviet Union astonished the world by signing a Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Hitler and Stalin were given the green light to make war on Poland and the Western democracies. Roosevelt issued another proclamation of neutrality and the Neutrality Act of 1939 meant that European democracies might buy American war materials, but only on a “cash and carry” basis.
The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
After the fall of France, America grew concern for their national security because they were afraid that Hitler might try to take over Britain. Roosevelt called to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy. Congress also passed a conscription law – America’s first peacetime draft. It was a provision made for the training of 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves each year. The US also decided to share the responsibility of upholding the Monroe doctrine with its twenty New World neighbors.
Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
America had to deal with the problem of how to transport the Jews over to America and also how to accommodate these new people. Also, Hitler issued to close off all emigration from Nazi territories. America also had restrictive immigration quotas and was also still recovering from the depression.
Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
The supporters who wanted to aid Britain formed propaganda groups – most important was the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. However, interventionists fought back with propaganda saying that “Britain is fighting our fight”. Isolationists supported the idea that “All methods short of war” are better.
FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilke
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
The 1940 election was basically between Democratic Roosevelt and Republican Willkie. Roosevelt triumphed – causing the Democratic majority to stay the same. This also meant that voters felt that if war were to come, then Roosevelt was the best to guide America with his experience.
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
Lend-Lease was Roosevelt’s scheme to eliminate the possibility of another depression – lending or leasing American arms to the reeling democracies. The Lend-Lease Bill was entitled “an Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States” The underlying policy was “Send guns not sons” and that America would be the arsenal of democracy and would send a limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression who in turn would finish the job and keep the war on their side of the Atlantic.
Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
After the Nazis attacked the Soviet Union, America went to the aid of Russia. Roosevelt immediately promised assistance and made military supplies available. America feared the downfall of Russia and held an Atlantic conference. They passed the Atlantic charter, outlining the aspirations of the democrats for a better end to the war. It opposed imperialistic annexations and promised that there would be no territorial changes contrary to the wished of the inhabitants. It further affirmed the right of the people to choose their form of government.
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
America’s implementation of the Lend-Lease policy brought us closer to the war by causing many American ships carrying arms to Britain and other Allies to be sunk. Also, Roosevelt’s decision to convoy – issuing orders to the navy to escort Lend-Lease shipments as far as Iceland.
America 's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
The United States’ entry into the World War was farley sudden. The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941by Japanese aviators was what caused America to be involved in the war. Congress immediately passed embargos against Japan and worked to clear out Japan’s forces out of China.
Chapter #35: IDENTIFICATIONS
A. Philip Randolph
black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII.
George S. Patton
great general during the war. known as "Blood 'n' Guts," commanded lunges across France by an American armored tank division. He was most famous for holding off the Germans at the Battle of the Bulge.
Albert Einstein
scientist who encouraged Roosevelt and America to build the first atomic bomb and thus start the Manhattan Project after escaping from Nazi-conquered Europe.
Office of Price Administration
created to prevent inflation in the economy during WWII.
Fair Employment Practice Commission
give fair employment opportunities to blacks. Eventually, and to this day, its purpose is to ensure equality for all races, sexes, ages, and ethnicities involving employment
D-Day
give fair employment to blacks. Eventually, and to this day, its purpose is to ensure equality for all races, sexes, ages, and ethnicities involving employment . One of the bloodiest days of the war.
V-E Day
Victory in Europe Day. The German government surrendered unconditionally during WWII on May 7, 1945
Manhattan Project
research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.
Braceros
was a series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated by an August 1942 exchange of diplomatic notes between the United States and Mexico , for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the United States.
Chapter #35: Guided Reading Questions
The Allies Trade Space for Time
Know: Germany First
1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain.
More complex because Americans had the hardship of preparing for war, since it had been in isolation for the preceding decades. They would be tested on whether they could mobilize quickly enough to stop Germany and make the world safe for democracy again.
The Shock of War
Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S.
2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home?
The war created a strong national unity and the few Americans who supported Hitler lost their loyalty. America’s ethnic groups assimilated faster because of the war – quota was temporarily lifted. Many Americans wanted the war to end but with the Nazis defeated.
Building the War Machine
Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board
3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor?
Because of the Lend-Lease Act and many sources looking to America for supplies, massive military orders lifted America from the Great Depression. This was because the big orders caused factories to hire more workers. The War Production Board halted manufacture of nonessential items such as passenger cars, and when the Japanese seized vital rubber supplies in British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, the US imposed a national speed limit and gasoline rationing to save tires.
Makers of America: The Japanese
Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei
4. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble?
Japanese immigrants in America faced many prejudices due to the overflow of Japanese and because of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Many were put into concentration camps and forced to move out of their homes. There were also not given many job opportunities because some Americans feared that they would spy for the Japanese.
Manpower and Womanpower
Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter
5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war?
Some women participated in the army in groups such as WAACS (army), the WAVES (navy) and SPARS (coast guard). At the end of the war, 2/3 of women returned home and the servicemen that came home produced a baby boom.
Wartime Migrations
Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots
6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities?
One million African Americans left the South to leave behind prejudice and to find better opportunity. Philip Randolph led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and threatened a Negro March to Washington to get better rights and treatment. The Fair Employment Practices Commission discouraged racism and oppression in the workplace, and while Blacks in the army still suffered degrading discrimination.
Holding the Homefront
7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war?
The gross national product income and corporal profits more than doubled. Also, when the war ended and price controls were lifted, inflation rised. Despite all of the New Deal programs, it was the plethora of spending during WWII that lifted America from its Great Depression.
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March
8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor.
The Japanese overran the lands that they descended upon, winning more land with fewer losses than ever before. They conquered Guam, Wake, Philippines, etc. When the Japanese took over the Philippines, Douglas MacArthur was forced to flee and vowed to return to liberate the islands. After the Philippine fighters surrendered, they were forced into the Bataan death march.
Japan 's High Tide at Midway
Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz
9. Why was Midway an important battle?
When the Japanese tried to seize Midway Island, they were forced back by Chester Nimitz - turning point that stopped Japanese expansion. The Japanese would no longer take any more islands, as the US began island hopping, where the Allies would bypass heavily fortified islands, take over neighboring islands and starving them.
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam
10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese?
The Japanese would no be fored to no longer take any more islands because the US began island hopping. The Allies would bypass heavily fortified islands, take over neighboring islands and starving them. Americans also won at Guadalcanal and got New Guinea.
The Allied Halting of Hitler
Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad
11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain.
The US first had trouble against Germany because their U-boats were extremely effective, but the breaking of the Germans’ enigma code helped pinpoint those subs better. It wasn’t until war’s end that the true threat of the German submarines was known, as it was discovered that Hitler had been about to unleash a new U-boat that could remained underwater indefinitely and cruise at 17 knots underwater.
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily
12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa.
Instead of a frontal European assault, the British devised an invasion through North Africa, so that the Allies could cut Hitler’s forces through the “soft underbelly” of the Mediterranean Sea. A secret attack was done by Dwight Eisenhower as they defeated the French.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton
13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war?
At the Tehran Conference, the Big Three met and agreed that the Soviets and Allies would launch simultaneous attack. The point of attack was French Normady and D-day began where Allied troops, some led by George Patton, finally clawed their way onto land, across the landscape, and deeper into France.
FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman
14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944?
FDR was a democratic lock, but because of his age, the VP candidate was carefully chosen to be Harry Truman, who won out over Henry A Wallace, an ill balanced and unpredictable liberal.
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
Know: Fala
15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey?
Dewey went on rampaging campaign offensive while FDR could not go out much. The New Political Action Committee of the CIO contributed a lot of money. In the end, Roosevelt stomped Dewey and the fourth term issue wasn’t even that big of a deal, since it was broken 3 years ago.
The Last Days of Hitler
Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day
16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe.
In the Battle of the Bulge, Hitler concentrated his forces and threw them in the Ardennes forest. He almost succeeded but he eventually was stopped by McAuliffe. Americans also reached Rhine River and pushed toward the Elbe River and there marched toward Berlin. The Allies were horrified to find the concentration camps of Jews and other undesirables. Also, Hitler committed suicide because he suspecting he was going to lose. The final Germany surrender was known was V-E day.
Japan Dies Hard
Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes
17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section.
83,000 died from a firebomb raid by the US. Iwo Jima was also captured in a 25 day assault that left 4,000 Americans dead. Okinawa was also won but with the cost of 50,000 American lives. Japanese kamikazes suicide pilots also unleashed their full terror as a last resort.
The Atomic Bombs
Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito
18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb?
At the Potsdam Conference, the Allies sent out a message: surrender or die. The Americans dropped two atomic bombs, one on Hiroshima, killing 180,000 and 80,000 on Nagasaki. Finally, Japan surrendered after the Russians declared war. The formal end came on the USS Missouri where Hirohito surrendered to Mac Arthur.
The Allies Triumphant
Know: George Marshall
19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain
America ’s success was due to excellent US generals and admirals like General Patton.. Industry was also rising and giving mass amount of goods.
Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified?
20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer?
Historians wanted to know how the United States would be like after the war if they had any conflicting entanglements with other nations. They were concerned that if the United States were a world of promise, they could also be a world of dangers. They were also uncertain if the use of the atomic bomb was necessary to win the war because it resulted in thousands of deaths that were seemingly unnecessary.